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An economic bad is the opposite of an economic good. A "bad" is anything with a negative value to the consumer, or a negative price in the marketplace. Refuse is an example of a bad. A bad is a physical object that lowers a consumer's level of happiness, or stated alternately, a bad is an object whose consumption or presence lowers the utility of the consumer. With normal goods, a two-party transaction results in the exchange of money for some object, e.g. money is exchanged for a car. With a bad, however, both money and the object in question go the same direction, e.g. a household loses money and the garbage. The waste collector is being compensated to take the object from the consumer. In this way, garbage has a negative price; the waste collector is receiving both garbage and money, and thus is paying a negative amount for the garbage. Goodness and badness are an inherently subjective declaration, however. As an example: two diners at a restaurant discover that the "secret ingredient" in the house specialty is peanuts. One of the diners is a peanut-lover, and the other is allergic to peanuts. In this case, peanuts are, in the same time and in the same place, both a good and a bad in economic terms. Additionally, a good consumed by the same individual can turn into a bad over time, and vice versa; the nicotine from cigarettes may give a smoker a feeling of relieved anxiety and reduced stress. Continuing, long-term consumption of cigarettes, however, may have serious adverse effects on a smoker's health, thus turning the utility of cigarettes into the negative. On the other hand, some forms of medical treatment or side effects of medication may seem rather unpleasant to a patient at the time of treatment, but will greatly improve their health and well-being in the long run. ==References== *Varian, Hal R. (2006), ''Intermediate Microeconomics'' (London: W.W. Norton & Company) *Peter Smith (2012), "Bad Economics" (Melbourne: Connor Court Publishing) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bad (economics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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